INSERT¶
You can insert a new record into a table in a database by using the INSERT statement. CoraDB supports INSERT … VALUES, INSERT … SET, INSERT … SELECT, INSERT VERTEX and INSERT EDGE statements.
INSERT … VALUES and INSERT … SET statements are used to insert a new record based on the value that is explicitly specified while the INSERT … SELECT statement is used to insert query result records obtained from different tables. Use the INSERT VALUES or INSERT … SELECT statement to insert multiple rows by using the single INSERT statement.
For graph tables, you can use INSERT VERTEX to insert records into vertex tables and INSERT EDGE to insert edges between vertices.
<INSERT ... VALUES statement>
INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_name, ...)]
{VALUES | VALUE}({expr | DEFAULT}, ...)[,({expr | DEFAULT}, ...),...]
[ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE column_name = expr, ... ]
INSERT [INTO] table_name DEFAULT [ VALUES ]
<INSERT ... SET statement>
INSERT [INTO] table_name
SET column_name = {expr | DEFAULT}[, column_name = {expr | DEFAULT},...]
[ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE column_name = expr, ... ]
<INSERT ... SELECT statement>
INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_name, ...)]
SELECT...
[ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE column_name = expr, ... ]
<INSERT VERTEX statement>
INSERT VERTEX [INTO] table_name [(column_name, ...)]
{VALUES | VALUE}({expr | DEFAULT}, ...)[,({expr | DEFAULT}, ...),...]
<INSERT EDGE statement>
INSERT EDGE
FROM (subquery)
TO (subquery)
INTO table_name [(column_name, ...)]
[VALUES ({expr | DEFAULT}, ...)]
table_name: Specifies the name of the target table into which you want to insert a new record.
column_name: Specifies the name of the column into which you want to insert the value. If you omit to specify the column name, it is considered that all columns defined in the table have been specified. Therefore, you must specify the values for all columns next to the VALUES keyword. If you do not specify all the columns defined in the table, a DEFAULT value is assigned to the non-specified columns; if the DEFAULT value is not defined, a NULL value is assigned.
expr | DEFAULT: Specifies values that correspond to the columns next to the VALUES keyword. Expressions or the DEFAULT keyword can be specified as a value. At this time, the order and number of the specified column list must correspond to the column value list. The column value list for a single record is described in parentheses.
DEFAULT: You can use the DEFAULT keyword to specify a default value as the column value. If you specify DEFAULT in the column value list next to the VALUES keyword, a default value column is stored for the given column: if you specify DEFAULT before the VALUES keyword, default values are stored for all columns in the table. NULL is stored for the column whose default value has not been defined.
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE: In case constraints are violated because a duplicated value for a column where PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE attribute is defined is inserted, the value that makes constraints violated is changed into a specific value by performing the action specified in the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE statement.
CREATE TABLE a_tbl1(
id INT UNIQUE,
name VARCHAR,
phone VARCHAR DEFAULT '000-0000'
);
--insert default values with DEFAULT keyword before VALUES
INSERT INTO a_tbl1 DEFAULT VALUES;
--insert multiple rows
INSERT INTO a_tbl1 VALUES (1,'aaa', DEFAULT),(2,'bbb', DEFAULT);
--insert a single row specifying column values for all
INSERT INTO a_tbl1 VALUES (3,'ccc', '333-3333');
--insert two rows specifying column values for only
INSERT INTO a_tbl1(id) VALUES (4), (5);
--insert a single row with SET clauses
INSERT INTO a_tbl1 SET id=6, name='eee';
INSERT INTO a_tbl1 SET id=7, phone='777-7777';
SELECT * FROM a_tbl1;
id name phone
=========================================================
NULL NULL '000-0000'
1 'aaa' '000-0000'
2 'bbb' '000-0000'
3 'ccc' '333-3333'
4 NULL '000-0000'
5 NULL '000-0000'
6 'eee' '000-0000'
7 NULL '777-7777'
INSERT INTO a_tbl1 SET id=6, phone='000-0000'
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE phone='666-6666';
SELECT * FROM a_tbl1 WHERE id=6;
id name phone
=========================================================
6 'eee' '666-6666'
INSERT INTO a_tbl1 SELECT * FROM a_tbl1 WHERE id=7 ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE name='ggg';
SELECT * FROM a_tbl1 WHERE id=7;
id name phone
=========================================================
7 'ggg' '777-7777'
In INSERT … SET syntax, the evaluation of an assignment expression is performed from left to right. If the column value is not specified, then the default value is assigned. If there is no default value, NULL is assigned.
CREATE TABLE tbl (a INT, b INT, c INT);
INSERT INTO tbl SET a=1, b=a+1, c=b+2;
SELECT * FROM tbl;
a b c
===================================
1 2 4
In the above example, b’s value will be 2 and c’s value will be 4 since a’s value is 1.
CREATE TABLE tbl2 (a INT, b INT, c INT);
INSERT INTO tbl2 SET a=b+1, b=1, c=b+2;
In the above example, a’s value will be NULL since b’s value is not specified yet when assigning a’s value.
SELECT * FROM tbl2;
a b c
===================================
NULL 1 3
CREATE TABLE tbl3 (a INT, b INT default 10, c INT);
INSERT INTO tbl3 SET a=b+1, b=1, c=b+2;
In the above example, a’s value will be 11 since b’s value is not specified yet and b’s default is 10.
SELECT * FROM tbl3;
a b c
===================================
11 1 3
INSERT … SELECT Statement¶
If you use the SELECT query in the INSERT statement, you can insert query results which satisfy the specified retrieval condition from one or many tables to the target table.
INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_name, ...)]
SELECT...
[ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE column_name = expr, ... ]
The SELECT statement can be used in place of the VALUES keyword, or be included as a subquery in the column value list next to VALUES. If you specify the SELECT statement in place of the VALUES keyword, you can insert multiple query result records into the column of the table at once. However, there should be only one query result record if the SELECT statement is specified in the column value list.
--creating an empty table which schema replicated from a_tbl1
CREATE TABLE a_tbl2 LIKE a_tbl1;
--inserting multiple rows from SELECT query results
INSERT INTO a_tbl2 SELECT * FROM a_tbl1 WHERE id IS NOT NULL;
--inserting column value with SELECT subquery specified in the value list
INSERT INTO a_tbl2 VALUES(8, SELECT name FROM a_tbl1 WHERE name <'bbb', DEFAULT);
SELECT * FROM a_tbl2;
id name phone
=========================================================
1 'aaa' '000-0000'
2 'bbb' '000-0000'
3 'ccc' '333-3333'
4 NULL '000-0000'
5 NULL '000-0000'
6 'eee' '000-0000'
7 NULL '777-7777'
8 'aaa' '000-0000'
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Clause¶
In a situation in which a duplicate value is inserted into a column for which the UNIQUE index or the PRIMARY KEY constraint has been set, you can update to a new value by specifying the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause in the INSERT statement.
Note
If PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE or multiple UNIQUE constraints exist on a table together, constraint violation can happen by one of them; so in this case, ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause is not recommended.
Even if UPDATE is executed after failing executing INSERT, AUTO_INCREMENT value which is increased once cannot be rolled back into the previous value.
<INSERT ... VALUES statement>
<INSERT ... SET statement>
<INSERT ... SELECT statement>
INSERT ...
[ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE column_name = expr, ... ]
column_name = expr: Specifies the name of the column whose value you want to change next to ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE and a new column value by using the equal sign.
--creating a new table having the same schema as a_tbl1
CREATE TABLE a_tbl3 LIKE a_tbl1;
INSERT INTO a_tbl3 SELECT * FROM a_tbl1 WHERE id IS NOT NULL and name IS NOT NULL;
SELECT * FROM a_tbl3;
id name phone
=========================================================
1 'aaa' '000-0000'
2 'bbb' '000-0000'
3 'ccc' '333-3333'
6 'eee' '000-0000'
--insert duplicated value violating UNIQUE constraint
INSERT INTO a_tbl3 VALUES(2, 'bbb', '222-2222');
ERROR: Operation would have caused one or more unique constraint violations.
With ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE, “affected rows” value per row will be 1 if a new row is inserted, and 2 if an existing row is updated.
--insert duplicated value with specifying ON DUPLICATED KEY UPDATE clause
INSERT INTO a_tbl3 VALUES(2, 'ggg', '222-2222')
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE name='ggg', phone = '222-2222';
SELECT * FROM a_tbl3 WHERE id=2;
id name phone
=========================================================
2 'ggg' '222-2222'
2 rows affected.
INSERT VERTEX Statement¶
The INSERT VERTEX statement is used to insert records into vertex tables in graph databases. Vertex tables are created using the CREATE VERTEX TABLE statement.
INSERT VERTEX [INTO] table_name [(column_name, ...)]
{VALUES | VALUE}({expr | DEFAULT}, ...)[,({expr | DEFAULT}, ...),...]
table_name: Specifies the name of the vertex table into which you want to insert a new record.
column_name: Specifies the name of the column into which you want to insert the value.
expr | DEFAULT: Specifies values that correspond to the columns. Expressions or the DEFAULT keyword can be specified as a value.
Note
Inserting into a vertex table can be done using either INSERT or INSERT VERTEX. Both statements work identically for vertex tables.
The INSERT VERTEX keyword makes it explicit that you are inserting into a graph vertex table.
--creating vertex and edge tables
CREATE VERTEX TABLE person (name STRING, yearOfBirth STRING);
CREATE EDGE TABLE likes (rating STRING, review STRING);
CREATE VERTEX TABLE movie (name STRING, type STRING);
CREATE EDGE TABLE IS_PLAYING_ON;
CREATE VERTEX TABLE cinema (name STRING, type STRING);
CREATE EDGE TABLE LOCATED_IN (address STRING);
CREATE VERTEX TABLE city (name STRING, population STRING);
--inserting vertices using INSERT VERTEX
INSERT VERTEX INTO person VALUES ('George', '2001');
INSERT VERTEX INTO person VALUES ('Joanna', '1890');
INSERT VERTEX INTO movie VALUES ('The Notebook', '2D');
INSERT VERTEX INTO movie VALUES ('The Hate You Give', '3D');
INSERT VERTEX INTO movie VALUES ('Titanic', '4DX');
INSERT VERTEX INTO movie VALUES ('Apollo', '2DX');
INSERT VERTEX INTO cinema VALUES ('Cinema City', 'Indoor');
INSERT VERTEX INTO cinema VALUES ('AFI Cinema', 'Outdoor');
INSERT VERTEX INTO cinema VALUES ('Happy Cinema', 'Outdoor');
INSERT VERTEX INTO cinema VALUES ('Best Cinema', 'Indoor');
INSERT VERTEX INTO city VALUES ('Bucharest', '3000000');
INSERT VERTEX INTO city VALUES ('Timisoara', '2000000');
--inserting vertices using regular INSERT (also valid for vertex tables)
INSERT INTO person VALUES ('Mary', '1995');
INSERT INTO person VALUES ('John', '1988');
INSERT EDGE Statement¶
The INSERT EDGE statement is used to insert edges between vertices in graph databases. Edge tables are created using the CREATE EDGE TABLE statement. Unlike vertex tables, edge tables require the INSERT EDGE statement; regular INSERT cannot be used.
INSERT EDGE
FROM (subquery)
TO (subquery)
INTO table_name [(column_name, ...)]
[VALUES ({expr | DEFAULT}, ...)]
FROM (subquery): Specifies a subquery that returns the source vertex for the edge. The subquery must return exactly one vertex.
TO (subquery): Specifies a subquery that returns the destination vertex for the edge. The subquery must return exactly one vertex.
table_name: Specifies the name of the edge table into which you want to insert the edge.
column_name: Specifies the name of the column into which you want to insert the value for edge properties.
expr | DEFAULT: Specifies values for edge properties. If the edge table has no properties, you can use VALUES () or omit the VALUES clause entirely.
Note
For inserting edges into edge tables, you must use the INSERT EDGE statement. Regular INSERT statements will not work.
Each INSERT EDGE statement creates exactly one edge between two vertices.
The subqueries in the FROM and TO clauses must return exactly one vertex each. If a subquery returns multiple rows or no rows, an error will occur.
--inserting edges with properties
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT person FROM person WHERE name = 'George')
TO (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'The Notebook')
INTO likes VALUES ('10 stars', 'Worst');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT person FROM person WHERE name = 'Joanna')
TO (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'The Hate You Give')
INTO likes VALUES ('20 stars', 'Best');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT person FROM person WHERE name = 'Mary')
TO (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'Titanic')
INTO likes VALUES ('25 stars', 'Good');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT person FROM person WHERE name = 'John')
TO (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'Titanic')
INTO likes VALUES ('15 stars', 'Bad');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT person FROM person WHERE name = 'John')
TO (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'Apollo')
INTO likes VALUES ('15 stars', 'Bad');
--inserting edges without properties
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'The Notebook')
TO (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Cinema City')
INTO IS_PLAYING_ON VALUES ();
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'The Hate You Give')
TO (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Cinema City')
INTO IS_PLAYING_ON VALUES ();
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'Titanic')
TO (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Happy Cinema')
INTO IS_PLAYING_ON VALUES ();
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'The Hate You Give')
TO (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'AFI Cinema')
INTO IS_PLAYING_ON VALUES ();
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'Titanic')
TO (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'AFI Cinema')
INTO IS_PLAYING_ON VALUES ();
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'Apollo')
TO (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Happy Cinema')
INTO IS_PLAYING_ON VALUES ();
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'Titanic')
TO (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Best Cinema')
INTO IS_PLAYING_ON VALUES ();
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT movie FROM movie WHERE name = 'Apollo')
TO (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Best Cinema')
INTO IS_PLAYING_ON VALUES ();
--inserting edges with properties into LOCATED_IN edge table
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Cinema City')
TO (SELECT city FROM city WHERE name = 'Bucharest')
INTO LOCATED_IN VALUES ('address 1');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Cinema City')
TO (SELECT city FROM city WHERE name = 'Timisoara')
INTO LOCATED_IN VALUES ('address 2');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'AFI Cinema')
TO (SELECT city FROM city WHERE name = 'Bucharest')
INTO LOCATED_IN VALUES ('address 3');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Happy Cinema')
TO (SELECT city FROM city WHERE name = 'Bucharest')
INTO LOCATED_IN VALUES ('address 4');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Happy Cinema')
TO (SELECT city FROM city WHERE name = 'Timisoara')
INTO LOCATED_IN VALUES ('address 5');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT cinema FROM cinema WHERE name = 'Best Cinema')
TO (SELECT city FROM city WHERE name = 'Timisoara')
INTO LOCATED_IN VALUES ('address 6');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT person FROM person WHERE name = 'George')
TO (SELECT city FROM city WHERE name = 'Bucharest')
INTO LOCATED_IN VALUES ('address 7');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT person FROM person WHERE name = 'Joanna')
TO (SELECT city FROM city WHERE name = 'Timisoara')
INTO LOCATED_IN VALUES ('address 8');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT person FROM person WHERE name = 'Mary')
TO (SELECT city FROM city WHERE name = 'Bucharest')
INTO LOCATED_IN VALUES ('address 9');
INSERT EDGE
FROM (SELECT person FROM person WHERE name = 'John')
TO (SELECT city FROM city WHERE name = 'Timisoara')
INTO LOCATED_IN VALUES ('address 10');